Cell atlas - GALK2 - The Human Protein Atlas

GENERAL INFORMATIONⁱ General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene nameⁱ Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.	GALK2
Gene descriptionⁱ Full gene name according to HGNC.	Galactokinase 2
Protein classⁱ Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s). Read more	Enzymes
Predicted locationⁱ All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached. Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s). The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location. Read more	Intracellular
Number of transcriptsⁱ Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.	11

HUMAN PROTEIN ATLAS INFORMATIONⁱ Summary of RNA expression and protein localization based on data generated within the Human Protein Atlas project.
Summaryⁱ Annotated subcellular location(s) for the encoded protein(s) based on the human cells assay. The location(s) are highlighted in the illustration on the right.	Localized to the nucleoplasm & cytosol.
RNA cell specificityⁱ RNA specificity category based on RNA sequencing data from all cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas. Genes are classified into six different categories (enriched, group enriched, enhanced, low specificity and not detected) according to their RNA expression levels across the panel of cell lines.	Low cell line specificity
RNA cell distributionⁱ RNA distribution category based on RNA sequencing data from all cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas. Genes are classified into five different categories (detected in all, detected in many, detected in some, detected in single and not detected) according to their pattern of detected RNA expression across the panel of cell lines.	Detected in all
Protein evidenceⁱ Evidence score for genes based on UniProt protein existence (UniProt evidence); a Human Protein Atlas antibody- or RNA based score (HPA evidence); and evidence based on PeptideAtlas (MS evidence). The avaliable scores are evidence at protein level, evidence at transcript level, no evidence, or not avaliable. Read more	Evidence at protein level
Main locationⁱ Main subcellular location(s) and reliability score(s) for the encoded protein(s) in human cells. The main location(s) may be characterized by presence in all tested cell lines and/or ihigher staining intensity compared to the potential additional location(s). If available, links to overrepresentation analyses in Reactome, a free, open-source, curated and peer reviewed biological pathway database, are provided. An analysis is done for the corresponding gene set of the proteome localizing to the main and additional locations of the protein on this page, respectively. Read more	Localized to the Nucleoplasm (approved), Cytosol (approved)
Mouseⁱ Subcellular location for the protein(s) encoded by orthologous genes in mouse cells.	Localized to the Golgi apparatus in mouse cells.

SINGLE CELL VARIATIONⁱ Summary of single cell variations on RNA and protein level based on data generated within the Human Protein Atlas project.
Cell cycle dependencyⁱ Cell-cycle dependance of single-cell varations in RNA and/or protein expression as observed in an additional assay for characterizing single-cell varations. "NA" indicates a lack of such data. Read more	NA

DATA RELIABILITYⁱ Overall reliability score for the subcellular location(s) of the protein(s) in human cells, and summary of the antibodies used for immunostainings. Read more
Reliability scoreⁱ Overall gene reliability score for the subcellular location(s) of the encoded protein(s). A reliability score is set for all genes and indicates the level of reliability of the analyzed protein expression pattern based on available protein/RNA/gene characterization data. The reliability of the annotated protein expression data is also scored depending on similarity in immunostaining patterns and consistency with available experimental gene/protein characterization data in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database. Read more	Approved
Antibodiesⁱ Antibodies used for this assay. Click on an antibody for more information.	HPA048267
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ASSAYSⁱ

RNA expression

Human cells

Mouse cells

RNA EXPRESSION OVERVIEWⁱ

RNA cell line categoryⁱ
RNA specificity category based on RNA sequencing data from all cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas. Genes are classified into six different categories (enriched, group enriched, enhanced, low specificity and not detected) according to their RNA expression levels across the panel of cell lines.

Read more
: Low cell line specificity

Organ

Origin

Category

Expression

Alphabetical

Cell lines ordered by organ of phenotypic resemblance.

HUMAN CELLSⁱ

Summaryⁱ

Localized to the nucleoplasm & cytosol.

Main locationⁱ

Nucleoplasm (approved), Cytosol (approved)


	Toggle channelsⁱ Buttons for turning on and off the different channels in the multi-color images. The intensity toggle shows the pixel intensity range in 16 different colors for the selected channel. The object toggle shows the computational segmentation of the cells used for further analysis in the HPA project. For samples where cell cycle dependency for the protein is suggested according to a correlation assay the predicted cell cycle position of each cell is displayed when using the object toggle.	Low High

Antibodyⁱ Antibody used for analysis. Clicking the antibody ID links to the antibody validation page.	Cell lineⁱ Cell line used for analysis. Read more about the cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas.	Cell line RNA Expression (NX)ⁱ RNA expression level in the cell line based on normalised RNA sequencing data. Genes with a value above 1 NX are considered to be expressed. Read more	Locationⁱ Observed subcellular location(s).
HPA048267	HeLa	7.0	No staining
HPA048267	PC-3	7.1	Nucleoplasm
HPA048267	PC-3	7.1	Cytosol
HPA048267	U-2 OS	4.4	No staining

SINGLE CELL VARIATIONⁱ Assays for determining cell cycle dependency of RNA and protein expression, based on stainings in the U-2 OS FUCCI (Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator) cell line, or a computational model for cell cycle position, or localization to cell cycle dependent compartments (e.g. mitotic spindle, cytokinetic bridge). Read more
Summaryⁱ Summary of observed cell cycle dependency of RNA and/or protein expression. "NA" indicates a lack of such data. Read more	NA

MOUSE CELLSⁱ

Main locationⁱ

Golgi apparatus

Additional locationⁱ

Nucleoplasm, Cytosol

Mouse geneⁱ

ENSMUSG00000027207 (version 92)


	Toggle channelsⁱ Buttons for turning on and off the different channels in the multi-color images. The intensity toggle shows the pixel intensity range in 16 different colors for the selected channel. The object toggle shows the computational segmentation of the cells used for further analysis in the HPA project. For samples where cell cycle dependency for the protein is suggested according to a correlation assay the predicted cell cycle position of each cell is displayed when using the object toggle.	Low High

Antibodyⁱ Antibody used for analysis. Clicking the antibody ID links to the antibody validation page.	Cell lineⁱ Cell line used for analysis. Read more about the cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas.	Locationⁱ Observed subcellular location(s).
HPA048267	NIH 3T3	Nucleoplasm
		Golgi apparatus
		Cytosol